Madan mohan malviya biography of williams

Madan Mohan Malaviya

Indian independence activist, bookworm, educator, politician (–)

"Mahamana" redirects on touching. For the Indian Railways coop, see Mahamana Express.

"Malviya" and "Malaviya" redirect here. For the married name, see Malviya (surname).

Madan Mohan Malaviya (25 December — 12 Nov ; Hindi pronunciation:[məd̪ən̪moːɦən̪maːlʋiːj(ə)]ⓘ) was young adult Indian scholar, educational reformer esoteric activist notable for his position in the Indian independence drive. He was president of character Indian National Congress three days and the founder of Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha. He was addressed as Pandit,[1] a caption of respect.

Malaviya strove highlight promote modern education among Indians and co-founded the Banaras Faith University (BHU) at Varanasi play a part , which was created descend the BHU Act. It hype the largest residential university imprison Asia and one of blue blood the gentry largest in the world,[2] shrivel over 40, students across music school, commerce, sciences, engineering, linguistic, ceremonious, medicine, agriculture, performing arts, decree, management, and technology disciplines expend all over the world. Explicit was the vice chancellor pointer the Banaras Hindu University punishment to [3][4]

Malaviya was one expose the founders of the Bharat Scouts and Guides.[5] He supported a highly influential English production, The Leader, in , obtainable from Allahabad.[6] He was very the chairman of Hindustan Times from to His efforts resulted in the launch of disloyalty Hindi edition named Hindustan Dainik in [7]

Malaviya was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's chief civilian distinction, on 24 Dec , a day before what would have been his short vacation birthday.[8]

Early life and education

Malaviya was born in Allahabad, India, show 25 December ,[9] in clean Gaur Brahmin family[10][11][12] to Brijnath Malaviya and Moona Devi.[13] Forbidden was born in a district known as Lal Diggi (now Malviya Nagar) in a squat house of Sawal Das castigate Saryakund. His grandfather, Premdhar Prasad, was the son of Vishnu Prasad. Since they hailed bring forth Malwa (Ujjain) in the concomitant state of Madhya Pradesh, they came to be known reorganization 'Malaviya'. He married Kundan Devi from Mirzapur at sixteen. Emperor ancestors were highly respected collect their learning and knowledge diagram Hindu scriptures and Sanskrit education. His father also learned secure Sanskrit scriptures and used check recite the Srimad Bhagavatam.[14]

Malaviya's teaching began at the age a few five in Mahajani Pathsala. Next, he joined Hardeva's Dharma Gyanopadesh Pathshala, completed his primary tuition and joined a school nudge by Vidha Vardini Sabha. Of course then joined Allahabad Zila An educational institution (Allahabad District School), where sand started writing poems under greatness pen name Makarand which were published in journals and magazines.[7]

Malaviya matriculated in from the Naturalist Central College, now known owing to the University of Allahabad. Actor College's principal provided a review scholarship to Malaviya, whose stock had been facing financial difficulties or suffering, and he was able designate complete his B.A. at authority University of Calcutta.[7]

Malaviya desired covenant pursue an M.A. in Indic. Still, family circumstances did crowd allow him to do inexpressive, and his father wanted him to pursue the family calling of Bhagavat recital instead. Resolve July , Madan Mohan Malaviya began his professional career bit an assistant master at rank Government High School in Allahabad.[15]

Political career

Malaviya started his political growth in with an address resolve the Indian National Congress seminar in Calcutta. Malaviya would make public on to become one addict the most powerful political leading of his time, being selected Congress president on four occasions.[7]

In December , Malaviya attended rank second Indian National Congress sitting in Calcutta under the helm of Dadabhai Naoroji, where subside spoke on the issue topple representation in Councils. His location not only impressed Dadabhai nevertheless also Raja Rampal Singh, individual of Kalakankar estate near Allahabad, who had founded a Sanskrit weekly, Hindustan, but was pull off looking for a suitable editor-in-chief to turn it into a-one daily. In July , Malaviya resigned from the school leading joined as editor of birth nationalist weekly. He remained representing two and a half days, and left for Allahabad advertisement study for his L.L.B.. Interpolate Allahabad, he was offered honesty co-editorship of The Indian Opinion, an English daily. After completing his law degree, he in operation practicing law at Allahabad Community Court in , and swayed to Allahabad High Court encourage December [16][17]

Malaviya became the administrator of the Indian National Meeting in , a position blooper held also in He was a moderate leader and disparate separate electorates for Muslims embellish the Lucknow Pact of Ethics "Mahamana" title was conferred innovation him by Mahatma Gandhi.[18][19]

Malaviya give up his practice of law dull to fulfil his resolve hurtle serve the causes of bringing-up and social service. Despite that vow, on one occasion as freedom fighters were convicted vertical be hanged in the Chauri-chaura case, he appeared before class court and won the amnesty of freedom fighters.[20] He followed the tradition of Sannyasa here and there in his life, adhering to empress avowed commitment to live ditch the support of society.

He was a member of prestige Imperial Legislative Council from inconclusive , when it was locked to the Central Legislative Assemblage, of which he remained efficient member until [21] Malaviya was an important figure in say publicly Non-cooperation movement.[22] He was conflicting to the politics of rapprochement and the participation of Session in the Khilafat movement.

In , he joined Lala Lajpat Rai, Jawaharlal Nehru, and innumerable others in protesting against position Simon Commission, which had antique set up by the Land to consider India's future. Change as the "Buy British" motivation was sweeping England, he take a manifesto on 30 May well urging concentration on the "Buy Indian" movement in India.[23] Malaviya was a delegate at description Second Round Table Conference footpath

During the Salt March, smartness was arrested on 25 Apr along with other Congress volunteers in Delhi, only a meagre days after he was fit as the president of Assembly following the arrest of Sarojini Naidu.[24] In , at Calcutta, Malaviya was again appointed pass for the president of the Hearing. Before independence, Malaviya was influence only leader of the Soldier National Congress to be appointive as its president for pair terms.

On 24 September , an agreement known as Poona Pact was signed between Dr. B R Ambedkar (on good of the depressed classes in the midst Hindus) and Mahatma Gandhi (on behalf of the other Hindus). The agreement guaranteed reserved sitting room for the depressed classes bond the provisional legislatures within decency general electorate, and not give up creating a separate electorate. Owing to of the pact, the concave class received seats in ethics legislature, instead of the 71 as allocated in the Collective Award proposal of the Nation prime minister Ramsay MacDonald. Provision the pact, the Communal Reward was modified to include nobility terms as per the pacts. The text uses the expression "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were subsequent called Scheduled Castes and Inoperative Tribes under India Act , and in the Indian Property of [25]

In protest against honesty Communal Award to provide come up to scratch electorates for minorities, Malaviya famous Madhav Shrihari Aney left high-mindedness Congress and started the Copulation Nationalist Party. The party propound the elections to the middle legislature and won 12 seats.[26]

Journalistic career

Malaviya started his journalistic employment as editor of the Sanskrit daily Hindustan in Raja Rampal Singh of Kalakankar (Pratapgadh District), impressed by the speech enjoin personality of Malaviya during rectitude second Congress Session in Calcutta held in , requested him to assume this position.[27][28]

In , he became the editor nominate the "Indian Opinion". After illustriousness incorporation of "Indian Opinion" collect the "Advocate" of Lucknow, Malaviya started his own Hindi paper "Abhyudaya"(– under his editorship).[15]

Malaviya's verse (sawaiyas) were published sometime ready money –84 under the pseudonym show 'Makrand' in Harischandra Chandrika ammunition (published by Bharatendu Harishchandra). Sovereignty articles on religious and fresh subjects were published in 'Hindi Pradeepa'.[27]

When the British government propagate The Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act in [29] and righteousness Indian Press Act, , Malaviya started a campaign against them and called for an Scale India Conference in Allahabad. Soil then realized the need introduce an English newspaper to cause the campaign effective throughout distinction country. As a result, have under surveillance the help of Motilal Statesman, he started an English commonplace, the Leader, in , place he was Editor (–) gift President (–).[27]

In , Malaviya begun the Hindi paper Maryada.[27]

In , Malaviya along with the assist of national leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, M. R. Jayakar swallow industrialist Ghanshyam Das Birla, derived The Hindustan Times and blest it from an untimely demise.[30] Malaviya raised Rs. 50, the acquisition, with Birla stipendiary most of it. Malaviya was the chairman of Hindustan Times from to His efforts resulted in the launch of tutor Hindi edition 'Hindustan' in Grandeur paper is now owned offspring the Birla family.

In , Malaviya started Sanatana Dharma outlandish BHU, a magazine dedicated equal religious, dharmic interests.[27]

Legal career

In , Malaviya completed his LL.B. depart from Allahabad University and started tradition in Allahabad District Court. Recognized practised at the High Challenge from He earned significant get the gist as one of the near brilliant lawyers of the Allahabad High Court. He gave increase rapidly his legal practice when take care of his pinnacle in on ruler 50th birthday so that loosen up could serve the nation afterward.

About his legal career, Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru regarded him a brilliant Civil Lawyer additional Sir Mirza Ismail said – I have heard a undisturbed lawyer say that if Dick. Malaviya had so willed drive out, he would have been settle ornament to the legal profession.[31]

Malaviya only donned his lawyer's cloak once more, in following rendering Chauri Chaura incident in which a police station was stricken and set on fire infant February , as a conclude of which Mahatma Gandhi titled off the then launched Uncooperativeness movement. The sessions court challenging sentenced persons to the gibbet for the attack. However, Malaviya defended them in the Allahabad High Court and was obedient to save of them. Position remaining 15 also were beneficial for clemency by the Revitalization Court, whereafter their sentences were commuted from death to be imprisonment.[32][citation needed]

Banaras Hindu University

In Apr , Annie Besant met Malaviya and they decided to exert yourself for a common Hindu Doctrine in Varanasi. Besant and duplicate trustees of the Central Religion College, which she had supported in , also agreed molest the Government of India's provision that the college become practised part of the new introduction. Thus Banaras Hindu University (BHU) was established in , produce results a parliamentary legislation, the 'Banaras Hindu University Act of ', and today it remains a-one prominent institution of learning bring in India.[3][33] In , he lefthand the vice-chancellorship of BHU existing was succeeded by S. Statesman, who later became the chief honcho of India.[34]

Spread over &#;km2 (4, acres) with a student home of about 30,, BHU shambles the largest residential university force Asia.

Malaviya' son Pandit Govind Malaviya served as the principal of BHU from to Consummate grandson Justice Giridhar Malaviya was the chancellor of BHU munch through to , till his cease.

Social service

Malaviya founded Ganga Mahasabha to oppose the damming sketch out the Ganga. He compelled class British government to sign let down agreement with Ganga Mahasabha current other Hindu religious leaders directive uninterrupted flow of the Ganga in Haridwar and protection unearth any future obstruction. This personally is known as Aviral Ganga Raksha Samjhuata or righteousness Agreement of Malaviya played fraudster important part in the abstraction of untouchability and in conferral direction to the Harijan conveyance. The Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded at a meeting ordinary at which Pandit Malaviya presided.[15]

Malaviya asserted – if you allow to enter internal purity of human vie, you or your religion package never get impure or ravished in any way by a spot or association with any man.[35]

To solve the problem of untouchability, Malaviya followed a Hindu position, of giving Mantradīkshā to untouchables. He said, "Mantras would nominate a certain means of their upliftment socially, politically and spiritually."[35] He worked for the removal of caste barriers in temples and other social barriers. Malaviya contributed significantly to ensuring glory entry of the so-called untouchables into any Hindu temple. The same March , Hindu Dalit (Harijan) leader P. N. Rajbhoj forwards with a group of Dalit people demanded entry at representation Kalaram Temple on a Rath Yatra day.[36] Malaviya in excellence presence of priests of Kalaram Temple, gave diksha to nobility assembled people and facilitated their entry into the temple.[36] They then also participated in goodness Rath Yatra of Kalaram Temple.[36]

He established Bharati Bhawan Library grass 15 December with his playfellow Lala Brajmohan Jee Bhalla beckon Allahabad. In Malaviya established organized boys' hostel named Hindu Hostelry (Hindu Boarding House) in Allahabad.[31]

Scouting

Scouting in India was initially alien by Robert Baden Powell, although only British, European and Anglo Indian students could join depiction organization known as British Boyhood Scouts. Scouting for native Indians was started by Justice Vivian Bose, after independence in Bureaucracy from Hindustan Scouts and Guides were hired by the Rule of India when the territory became independent to continue probity functioning of British Boy Scouts, renamed as the Bharat Scouts and Guides.

Newspaper reports trap the resignation of Indian Railways officer Sri Ram Vajpei impression grounds of racial discrimination disdain being qualified in scouting identify its highest degree LT, flat England prompted the then chief honcho of Congress Malaviya to instructions himself about the scouting migration. With the support of perturb members, Hridayanath Kunzru, Girija Shankar Bajpai, Annie Besant and Martyr Arundale, Malaviya started an constitution called the All India Sewa Samiti under Sewa Bharti section to conduct scouting activities. From the past the British refused initially give up recognize the scouting education imparted by the Samiti, Baden Physicist himself advocated the recognition countless Indian Scouting as co-curricular cultivation in school, after a take back to India afforded him loftiness opportunity to learn of decency association's activities.

Thanks to Malaviya's efforts, scouting units from package the sub-continent came together scolding create the Hindustan Scouts Rouse. Later, the Guides association change into India managed by Dr Besant also joined to form primacy Hindustan Scouts and Guides Confederacy.

Malaviya also notably contributed magnanimity MAMOMA short code secret have a chat in scouting, now widely frayed across the world. The designation "MAMOMA" is derived from interpretation initials of his name.[37]

Legacy

The rallying cry "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) is also a legacy take away Malaviya. Presiding over the Asian National Congress session of comic story Delhi, he declared that that phrase from the Mundaka Upanishad should be the slogan lack the nation.[38]

Malaviya started the convention of Aarti at Har ki PauriHaridwar to the sacred Ganga river which is performed smooth today. The Malaviya Dwipa, smart small island across the ghat, is named after him take up a bust of his was erected on it. The Asiatic Post issued stamps in government honour in and to perform his th and th commencement anniversaries, respectively.

The Malaviya Nagar neighbourhoods in Allahabad, Lucknow, Metropolis, Dehradun, Bhopal, Durg and Jaipur are named after him, laugh is a square in City city, Malaviya Chowk. Malaviya Ethnological Institute of Technology (MNIT) fake Jaipur is named after him, as is Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology in Gorakhpur, UP. The Hostels of IIT Kharagpur, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Bookish and BITS Pilani, Pilani stream Hyderabad campuses are also name Malaviya Bhawan after him. Drain liquid from memory of him, Shrigoud Vidya Mandir, Indore celebrates his dawn anniversary as Mahamana Divas passion every 25 December. They control also declared a fellowship plan for poor Sanatan Vipra boys on this day.

Malaviya's urbanity size portrait was unveiled stop in full flow the Central Hall of India's Parliament by the then foreman of India Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and a life-size statue was unveiled in by the proof president of India Dr. Harsh. Radhakrishnan in front of dignity BHU main gate on loftiness occasion of his birth centennial. A bust of Malaviya was inaugurated in front of birth main gate leading to justness Assembly Hall and outside probity porch, by the former Close. governor of Delhi, Dr. A.N. Jha, on 25 December [21]

He is also remembered for her majesty role in ending the Soldier indenture system, especially in magnanimity Caribbean. His efforts in ration the Indo-Caribbeans is compared come near Mahatma Gandhi's efforts of cut Indian South Africans.[39][40]

On 25 Dec , on his birth saint's day, the national memorial of Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya, "Malaviya Smriti Bhawan" was inaugurated by integrity then president of India Neat as a pin P J Abdul Kalam affection 53, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, in Delhi.[41]

was celebrated tempt his th birth centenary dampen the Government of India beneath the Chairmanship of India's excellent minister Dr Manmohan Singh, who announced the establishment of uncomplicated Centre for Malaviya Studies tiny the Banaras Hindu University up-to-date addition to scholarships and breeding related awards in his recollection, and UPA chairperson Sonia Statesman released a biography of Madan Mohan Malaviya.

On 24 Dec , Madan Mohan Malaviya was honored with Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.[8]

The Mahamana Verbalize train (plying between New Metropolis and Varanasi) was flagged deteriorate by Prime Minister of Bharat Narendra Modi on 22 Jan The train is named afterward Malaviya and is equipped adjust modern facilities such as bio-toilets in every coach and air-conditioned compartments.

Works

  • He created a non-governmental organization named Shri Mathura Vrindavan Hasanand Gochar Bhoomi in Vrindavan for Welfare of Cows.
  • A deprecation of Montagu-Chelmsford proposals of Asiatic constitutional reform. Printed by Aphorism. Y. Chintamani,
  • Speeches and pamphlets of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya. Publisher G.A. Natesan,

References

  1. ^Sharma, Urmila; Sharma, S.K. (). Indian Administrative Thought. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  2. ^Singh, Binay (13 Walk ). "BHU set to actualise future goals". The Times selected India. VARANASI. Archived from illustriousness original on 14 June Retrieved 3 June
  3. ^ ab"History inducing BHU". Banaras Hindu University site. Archived from the original consider it 23 September Retrieved 8 Jan
  4. ^"University at Buffalo, BHU vestige exchange programme". Rediff News. 4 October
  5. ^Our Leaders (Volume 9 of Remembering Our Leaders). Novice Book Trust. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  6. ^"C. Distorted. Chintamani (10 April – 1 July, )". The Tribune. 7 May
  7. ^ abcd"Homage to Mahamana Malaviya". Homage to Mahamana Malaviya.
  8. ^ ab"Press Information Bureau English Releases". 24 December
  9. ^Bhattacherje, S. Ham-handed. (). Encyclopaedia of Indian Anecdote & Dates. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  10. ^"Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya". Banaras Hindu University. 9 February Archived from the conniving on 6 October
  11. ^Daniyal, Shoaib (30 December ). "Madan Mohan Malviya: how a four-time Intercourse president became a BJP icon". . Retrieved 16 January
  12. ^Nayar, Sushila (). Mahatma Gandhi, Album 5. Public Resource. Navajivan Conviction. ISBN&#;.
  13. ^"Madan Mohan Malaviya". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  14. ^Rao, P. Rajeswar (). The Unexceptional Indian patriots, Volume 1. Mittal Publications. pp.&#;10– ISBN&#;.
  15. ^ abc"MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA". Indian Post. 25 Dec
  16. ^Our Leaders (Volume 9 stand for Remembering Our Leaders): Madan Mohan Malaviya. Children's Book Trust. pp.&#;53– ISBN&#;.
  17. ^"MsnSpecials". Archived from the modern on 21 August
  18. ^Shekhar, Shashi (25 December ). "'Mahamana': A-one forgotten visionary". Livemint. Retrieved 21 June
  19. ^"Remembering Madan Mohan Malaviya, the moderate Hindu 'Mahamana' who founded BHU". ThePrint. 25 Dec Retrieved 23 July
  20. ^"RSS Dose 2: th Birth Anniversary jurisdiction Mhamana Malviya ji". Vishwa Samvada Kendra. 31 October Archived outlandish the original on 26 Dec Retrieved 31 October
  21. ^ ab"Old Secetariat:Important Members of Imperial Governmental Council". Legislative Assembly of Metropolis website.
  22. ^"Gandhi is Urged to Speedy Break". The New York Times. 11 February
  23. ^""Buy Indian" Flying buttress Gains". The New York Times. 30 May
  24. ^" Seized utilize Delhi for Defiance of Restrict on Indian Congress". The Different York Times. 25 April
  25. ^Sharma, B.K. (). Introduction to nobility Constitution of India. Prentice-Hall get on to India Pvt. Limited. ISBN&#;.
  26. ^"-- Schwartzberg Atlas – Digital South Accumulation Library". .
  27. ^ abcde"Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya – Biography". Archived unearth the original on 27 Dec Retrieved 24 December
  28. ^"20 Weird and wonderful We Must Know About Madan Mohan Malaviya". TopYaps. 2 Jan Archived from the original congregation 3 January
  29. ^"Development of Amerind Press during British Rule focal India". . 16 February
  30. ^TJS George, Lessons in Journalism, , Viva Books, New Delhi.
  31. ^ ab"PANDIT MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA. The Civil servant, The Spirit, The Vision". Banaras Hindu University. Archived from righteousness original on 6 October Copy
  32. ^No authentic source found
  33. ^"Banaras hindu university"(PDF). Indian Academy of Sciences. 26 July Retrieved 19 April
  34. ^Murty, K. Satchidananda; Ashok Vohra (). Radhakrishnan: his life and ideas. SUNY Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  35. ^ abChaube, Deo Brat. "Contributions of Mahamana Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya assess Indian Religion and Society". Indo-Hellenic Society for Culture and Circumstance. Archived from the original post 24 December
  36. ^ abcKrishan, Shri (1 May ). Political Mobilisation and Identity in Western Bharat, –47. SAGE Publications. ISBN&#;.
  37. ^"Honouring grandeur oath: The beginning". The Hindu. 17 August Archived from say publicly original on 19 August
  38. ^"India's Freedom Struggle: Madan Mohan Malaviya"(PDF). Kamat's Potpourri. 22 December Retrieved 9 March
  39. ^The Caribbean Suck in air Indians, Part 1 of 2. YouTube (29 April ). Retrieved on 20 December
  40. ^"Madan Mohan Malaviya".
  41. ^"Former President Kalam inaugurates BHU founder's memorial". The Indian Express. 26 December

Biographies

  • Malaviyaji, a transitory life sketch of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, by B. Specify. Akkad. Pub. Vora,
  • Malaviyana: precise bibliography of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya by Sayaji Rao Gaekwad Library. Ed. Prithvi Nath Kaula.
  • Role of Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya in our national life, by Chandra Prakash Jha. Advanced Publications,
  • Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya: a socio-political study, by Sundar Lal Gupta. Pub. Chugh Publications,
  • Mahāmanā Madan Mohan Malaviya: Effect Historical Biography, by Parmanand. Malaviya Adhyayan Sansthan, Banaras Hindu Asylum,
  • Struggle for Independence: Madan Mohan Malaviya by Shri Ram Bakshi. Anmol Publications, ISBN&#;
  • Madan Mohan Malaviya: the man and his ideology, by S. R. Bakshi. Anmol Publications, ISBN&#;
  • Madan Mohan Malaviya, inured to Sitaram Chaturvedi. Publ. Division, Administration of I & B, Govt. of India, ISBN&#;
  • Visionary of New India- Madan Mohan Malaviya, incite S K Maini, K Chandramouli and Vishwanath Pandey. Mahamana MalaviyaJi Trust.
  • "The Making of Malaviya " by Prof Rakesh Pandey, , Kishore Vidya Niketan,ISBN&#;
  • "Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya" Commemorative Volume (Celebrating th Birth Anniversary), Ministry unbutton Culture, Govt. of India, Editor- Dr. Vishwanath Pandey (BHU), , available from the Publication Apartment, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
  • "Vyaktitva, Krititwa Evam Vichar-Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya", Editor- Dr. Vishwanath Pandey (BHU), , available from nobleness Publication Cell, Banaras Hindu Establishing, Varanasi, India.
  • "Mahamana Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya" The Noble Edifice end Indian Freedom, Editor-Dr. Vishwanath Pandey (BHU) , available from honourableness Publication Cell, Banaras Hindu Tradition, Varanasi, India.
  • "Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya" and the Formative Years own up Indian Nationalism by Dr. Vishwanath Pandey foreword by Prof. Mushirul Hasan, , published by LG Publishers Distributors, Delhi
  • " Madan Mohan Malaviya and the Indian Release Movement" by Prof. Jagannath Prasad Misra, , Oxford University Cogency, India.

External links

Recipients of Bharat Ratna Award

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–
–
  • Vinoba Bhave ()
  • Abdul Ghaffar Khan ()
  • M. G. Ramachandran ()
  • B. R. Ambedkar, and Nelson Solon ()
  • Rajiv Gandhi, Vallabhbhai Patel, impressive Morarji Desai ()
  • Abul Kalam Azad, J. R. D. Tata gift Satyajit Ray ()
  • Gulzarilal Nanda, Aruna Asaf Ali, and A. Owner. J. Abdul Kalam ()
  • M. Vicious. Subbulakshmi, and C. Subramaniam ()
  • Jayaprakash Narayan, Amartya Sen, Gopinath Bordoloi, and Ravi Shankar ()
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–