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Suleiman the Magnificent

Sultan of the Hassock Empire from to

"Kanuni" redirects here. For the hompa oppress Kwangali, see Kanuni (hompa). Backer the Turkish drillship, see Kanuni (drillship). For the Albanian protocol texts, see Kanun (Albania).

Suleiman I (Ottoman Turkish: سليمان اول, romanized:&#;Süleyman-ı Evvel; Turkish: I. Süleyman,pronounced[syleiˈman]; 6 November &#;&#; 6 September ), by and large known as Suleiman the Magnificent in Western Europe and Suleiman the Lawgiver (Ottoman Turkish: قانونى سلطان سليمان, romanized:&#;Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān) in his Ottoman realm, was the longest-reigning sultan of honesty Ottoman Empire from until reward death in ^[3]^:&#;–&#; Under rule administration, the Ottoman Empire ruled over at least 25&#;million bring into being.

Suleiman succeeded his father, Selim I, as sultan on 30 September and began his mysterious with campaigns against the Christly powers in Central Europe significant the Mediterranean. Belgrade fell allude to him in and the oasis of Rhodes in – Rot Mohács, in August , Suleiman broke the military strength remind Hungary.

Suleiman became a obvious monarch of 16th-century Europe, authoritative over the apex of significance Ottoman Empire's economic, military gift political power. Suleiman personally undo Ottoman armies in conquering ethics Christian strongholds of Belgrade prosperous Rhodes as well as ascendant of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the beleaguerment of Vienna in He ancillary much of the Middle Adapt in his conflict with decency Safavids and large areas help North Africa as far westerly as Algeria. Under his oversee, the Ottoman fleet dominated interpretation seas from the Mediterranean ballot vote the Red Sea and go over the Persian Gulf.^[5]^:&#;61&#;

At the wheel of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted major judicial see-saw relating to society, education, excise and criminal law. His reforms, carried out in conjunction portend the empire's chief judicial certified Ebussuud Efendi, harmonized the connection between the two forms round Ottoman law: sultanic (Kanun) contemporary religious (Sharia).^[6] He was well-ordered distinguished poet and goldsmith; proceed also became a great guardian of culture, overseeing the "Golden Age" of the Ottoman Luence in its artistic, literary service architectural development.^[7]

Breaking with Ottoman charitable trust, Suleiman married Hurrem Sultan, trig woman from his harem, eminence Orthodox Christian of Ruthenian beginning who converted to Sunni Muhammadanism, and who became famous loaded Western Europe by the honour Roxelana, due to her inbuilt hair. Their son, Selim II, succeeded Suleiman following his cessation in after 46 years close the eyes to rule. Suleiman's other potential progeny, Mehmed and Mustafa, had died; Mehmed had died in superior smallpox, and Mustafa had anachronistic strangled to death in on tap the sultan's order. His irritate son Bayezid was executed detailed on Suleiman's orders, along care Bayezid's four sons, after neat as a pin rebellion. Although scholars typically judged the period after his termination to be one of emergency and adaptation rather than genial decline,^[8]^[9]^[10] the end of Suleiman's reign was a watershed dense Ottoman history. In the decades after Suleiman, the empire began to experience significant political, institutionalised, and economic changes, a experience often referred to as rectitude Transformation of the Ottoman Empire.^[11]^:&#;11&#;^[12]

Alternative names and titles

Suleiman the Greatest (محتشم سليمانMuḥteşem Süleymān), as unquestionable was known in the Westmost, was also called Suleiman justness First (سلطان سليمان أولSulṭān Süleymān-ı Evvel), and Suleiman the Lawmaker (قانونی سلطان سليمانḲānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān) for his reform of honesty Ottoman legal system.^[13]

It is bewildering when exactly the term Kanunî (the Lawgiver) first came fulfil be used as an denomination for Suleiman. It is all absent from sixteenth and seventeenth-century Ottoman sources and may traditional from the early 18th century.^[14]

There is a tradition of dalliance origin, according to which Suleiman the Magnificent was "Suleiman II", but that tradition has archaic based on an erroneous theory that Süleyman Çelebi was make be recognised as a true sultan.^[15]

Early life

Suleiman was born dupe Trabzon on the southern seacoast of the Black Sea stand firm Şehzade Selim (later Selim I), probably on 6 November , although this date is turn on the waterworks known with absolute certainty thwart evidence.^[16] His mother was Hafsa Sultan, a concubine convert stamp out Islam of unknown origins, who died in ^[17]^:&#;9&#; At primacy age of seven, Suleiman began studies of science, history, belles-lettres, theology and military tactics smother the schools of the dignified Topkapı Palace in Constantinople. Primate a young man, he befriended Pargalı Ibrahim, a Greek scullion who later became one behoove his most trusted advisers (but who was later executed attract Suleiman's orders).^[18] At age 17, he was appointed as loftiness governor of first Kaffa (Theodosia), then Manisa, with a transitory tenure at Edirne.

Accession

Upon representation death of his father, Selim I (r. –), Suleiman entered Constantinople and ascended to depiction throne as the tenth Footrest Sultan. An early description custom Suleiman, a few weeks adjacent his accession, was provided beside the Venetian envoy Bartolomeo Contarini:

The sultan is only xxv years [actually 26] old, tower and slender but tough, take on a thin and bony bias. Facial hair is evident, on the contrary only barely. The sultan appears friendly and in good intelligence. Rumor has it that Suleiman is aptly named, enjoys relevance, is knowledgeable and shows good thing judgment."^[17]^:&#;2&#;

Military campaigns

See also: List representative campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent

Conquests in Europe

See also: Ottoman wars in Europe and Islam duct Protestantism

Upon succeeding his father, Suleiman began a series of force conquests, eventually leading to great revolt led by the Ottoman-appointed governor of Damascus in Suleiman soon made preparations for leadership conquest of Belgrade from goodness Kingdom of Hungary—something his great-grandfather Mehmed II had failed preempt achieve because of John Hunyadi's strong defense in the sphere. Its capture was vital be grateful for removing the Hungarians and Croats who, following the defeats topple the Albanians, Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Byzantines and the Serbs, remained loftiness only formidable force who could block further Ottoman gains wealthy Europe. Suleiman encircled Belgrade flourishing began a series of costly bombardments from an island crucial the Danube. Belgrade, with spruce garrison of only men, prep added to receiving no aid from Magyarorszag, fell in August ^[19]^:&#;49&#;

The obsolete to Hungary and Austria have qualms open, but Suleiman turned coronet attention instead to the Mediterranean island of Rhodes, excellence home base of the Knights Hospitaller. Suleiman built a great fortification, Marmaris Castle, that served as a base for loftiness Ottoman Navy. Following a five-month siege, Rhodes capitulated and Suleiman allowed the Knights of Financier to depart.^[20] The conquest ship the island cost the Ottomans 50,^[21]^[22] to 60,^[22] dead break battle and sickness (Christian claims went as high as 64, Ottoman battle deaths and 50, disease deaths).^[22]

As relations between Magyarorszag and the Ottoman Empire debased, Suleiman resumed his campaign spiky Central Europe, and on 29 August he defeated Louis II of Hungary (–) at class Battle of Mohács. Upon encountering the lifeless body of Counterfeit Louis, Suleiman is said be required to have lamented: "I came hopelessly in arms against him; on the other hand it was not my hope for that he should be for this reason cut off before he just tasted the sweets of walk and royalty."^[23] While Suleiman was campaigning in Hungary, Turkmen tribes in central Anatolia (in Cilicia) revolted under the leadership center Kalender Çelebi.^[24]

Some Hungarian nobles trifling that Ferdinand, who was prestige ruler of neighboring Austria mushroom tied to Louis II's kith and kin by marriage, be King training Hungary, citing previous agreements go wool-gathering the Habsburgs would take high-mindedness Hungarian throne if Louis spasm without heirs.^[19]^:&#;52&#; However, other high society turned to the nobleman Bog Zápolya, whom Suleiman supported. Botch-up Charles V and his monk Ferdinand I, the Habsburgs reoccupied Buda and took possession devotee Hungary. Reacting in , Suleiman marched through the valley honor the Danube and regained protection of Buda; in the succeeding autumn, his forces laid pen to Vienna. This was grip be the Ottoman Empire's nearly ambitious expedition and the climax of its drive to nobility West. With a reinforced detachment of 16,&#;men,^[25] the Austrians inflicted the first defeat on Suleiman, sowing the seeds of splendid bitter Ottoman–Habsburg rivalry that lasted until the 20th century. Realm second attempt to conquer Vienna failed in , as Footstool forces were delayed by goodness siege of Güns and backslided to reach Vienna. In both cases, the Ottoman army was plagued by bad weather, forcing them to leave behind real siege equipment, and was flimsy by overstretched supply lines.^[26]^:&#;&#; Take on the Treaty of Constantinople was signed by Ferdinand I, cattle which he acknowledged Ottoman understanding and recognised Suleiman as government "father and suzerain", he besides agreed to pay an one-year tribute and accepted the Pouf grand vizier as his fellowman and equal in rank.^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]

By position s, a renewal of rectitude conflict in Hungary presented Suleiman with the opportunity to reprisal the defeat suffered at Vienna. In , the Habsburgs attempted to lay siege to Buda but were repulsed, and broaden Habsburg fortresses were captured wishywashy the Ottomans in two running campaigns in and as trig result,^[19]^:&#;53&#; Ferdinand and Charles were forced to conclude a demeaning five-year treaty with Suleiman. Ferdinand renounced his claim to rendering Kingdom of Hungary and was forced to pay a fundamental yearly sum to the Ruler for the Hungarian lands crystal-clear continued to control. Of spare symbolic importance, the treaty referred to Charles V not pass for "Emperor" but as the "King of Spain", leading Suleiman harmony identify as the true "Caesar".^[19]^:&#;54&#;

In , Suleiman's forces laid lay siege to to Eger, located in rectitude northern part of the Area of Hungary, but the defenders led by István Dobó sickened the attacks and defended interpretation Eger Castle.^[32]

Ottoman–Safavid War

Main articles: Ottoman–Safavid War (–55), Ottoman–Persian Wars, elitist Habsburg–Persian alliance

Suleiman's father had idea war with Persia a elate priority. At first, Suleiman shifted attention to Europe and was content to contain Persia, which was preoccupied by its debris enemies to its east. Afterward Suleiman stabilized his European borders, he now turned his motivation to Persia, the base used for the rival Shia Muslim cadre. The Safavid dynasty became justness main enemy after two episodes. First, Shah Tahmasp killed nobleness Baghdad governor loyal to Suleiman, and put his own adult in. Second, the governor remind Bitlis had defected and ephemeral allegiance to the Safavids.^[19]^:&#;51&#; Brand a result, in , Suleiman ordered his Pargalı Ibrahim Pacha to lead an army prick eastern Asia Minor where perform retook Bitlis and occupied City without resistance. Suleiman joined Ibrahim in They made a tear down towards Persia, only to see the Shah sacrificing territory by way of alternative of facing a pitched armed conflict, resorting to harassment of distinction Ottoman army as it proceeded along the harsh interior.^[33] Predicament Suleiman made a grand happening into Baghdad. He enhanced crown local support by restoring influence tomb of Abu Hanifa, birth founder of the Hanafi academy of Islamic law to which the Ottomans adhered.^[34]

Attempting to surprise victory the Shah once and occupy all, Suleiman embarked upon straight second campaign in – Introduce in the previous attempt, Tahmasp avoided confrontation with the Footstool army and instead chose calculate retreat, using scorched earth trade in the process and exposing the Ottoman army to say publicly harsh winter of the Caucasus.^[33] Suleiman abandoned the campaign confront temporary Ottoman gains in City and the Urmia region, unmixed lasting presence in the zone of Van, control of magnanimity western half of Azerbaijan celebrated some forts in Georgia.^[35]

In , Suleiman began his third skull final campaign against the Emperor. Having initially lost territories infiltrate Erzurum to the Shah's essence, Suleiman retaliated by recapturing Erzurum, crossing the Upper Euphrates become calm laying waste to parts be successful Persia. The Shah's army drawn-out its strategy of avoiding excellence Ottomans, leading to a dead from which neither army idea any significant gain. In , a settlement known as righteousness Peace of Amasya was mark, which defined the borders see the two empires. By that treaty, Armenia and Georgia were divided equally between the yoke, with Western Armenia, western Carpeting, and western Georgia (incl. toady up to Samtskhe) falling in Ottoman workmen donkey-work while Eastern Armenia, eastern Carpet, and eastern Georgia (incl. acclimate Samtskhe) stayed in Safavid hands.^[36] The Ottoman Empire obtained greatest of Iraq, including Baghdad, which gave them access to dignity Persian Gulf, while the Persians retained their former capital Metropolis and all their other northwesterly territories in the Caucasus gift as they were prior make contact with the wars, such as Dagestan and all of what deterioration now Azerbaijan.^[37]^[38]

Campaigns in the Asiatic Ocean

Main articles: Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts, catch of Aden, Ottoman expedition communication Aceh, and Ottoman naval travelling in the Indian Ocean

Ottoman ships had been sailing in say publicly Indian Ocean since the yr Ottoman admirals such as Hadim Suleiman Pasha, Seydi Ali Reis^[39] and Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis ding-dong known to have voyaged hitch the Mughal imperial ports appreciate Thatta, Surat and Janjira. Representation Mughal Emperor Akbar the Undisturbed himself is known to own exchanged six documents with Suleiman the Magnificent.^[39]^[40]^[41]

Suleiman led several oceanic campaigns against the Portuguese inconvenience an attempt to remove them and reestablish trade with authority Mughal Empire. Aden in Yemen was captured by the Ottomans in , in order assign provide an Ottoman base fulfill raids against Portuguese possessions scrutinize the western coast of justness Mughal Empire.^[42] Sailing on, description Ottomans failed against the Romance at the siege of Diu in September , but authenticate returned to Aden, where they fortified the city with start of artillery.^[42]^[43] From this foot, Sulayman Pasha managed to stultify control of the whole kingdom of Yemen, also taking Sana'a.^[42]

With its strong control of position Red Sea, Suleiman successfully managed to dispute control of probity trade routes to the European and maintained a significant plane of trade with the Mughal Empire throughout the 16th century.^[44]

From until , Suleiman stationed attain Turkish soldiers to fight analogous the SomaliAdal Sultanate led beside Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi near the Conquest of Abyssinia.^[45] Associate the first Ajuran-Portuguese war, high-mindedness Ottoman Empire would in occupy the weakened Adal Sultanate fund its domain. This expansion furthered Ottoman rule in Somalia mushroom the Horn of Africa. That also increased its influence encircle the Indian Ocean to break one`s neck with the Portuguese Empire shrink its close ally, the Ajuran Empire.^[46]

In , Suleiman received information bank embassy from Aceh (a sultanate on Sumatra, in modern Indonesia), requesting Ottoman support against illustriousness Portuguese. As a result, unembellished Ottoman expedition to Aceh was launched, which was able brand provide extensive military support discussion group the Acehnese.^[47]

The discovery of in mint condition maritime trade routes by Gothick novel European states allowed them all over avoid the Ottoman trade cosa nostra. The Portuguese discovery of authority Cape of Good Hope boring initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Sea throughout the 16th century. Interpretation Ajuran Sultanate allied with illustriousness Ottomans defied the Portuguese mercantile monopoly in the Indian The briny by employing a new specie which followed the Ottoman replica, thus proclaiming an attitude vacation economic independence in regard tenor the Portuguese.^[48]

Mediterranean and North Africa

See also: Franco-Ottoman alliance, Hayreddin Corsair, Italian War of –46, contemporary Great Siege of Malta

Having concentrated his conquests on land, Suleiman was greeted with the info that the fortress of Koroni in Morea (the modern Peloponnesus, peninsular Greece) had been mislaid to Charles V's admiral, Andrea Doria. The presence of rendering Spanish in the Eastern Sea concerned Suleiman, who saw bare as an early indication atlas Charles V's intention to contender Ottoman dominance in the locale. Recognizing the need to restore naval preeminence in the Sea, Suleiman appointed an exceptional oceanic commander in the form be in possession of Khair ad Din, known convey Europeans as Barbarossa. Once fit admiral-in-chief, Barbarossa was charged connect with rebuilding the Ottoman fleet.

In , Charles V led keen Holy League of 26, rank and file (10, Spaniards, 8, Italians, 8, Germans, and Knights of Buy. John)^[22] to victory against nobility Ottomans at Tunis, which merger with the war against Venezia the following year, led Suleiman to accept proposals from Francis I of France to flat an alliance against Charles.^[19]^:&#;51&#; Massive Muslim territories in North Continent were annexed. The piracy ride on thereafter by the Barbary pirates of North Africa get close be seen in the occasion of the wars against Espana.

In , the Spaniards diode an unsuccessful expedition to Port. In , facing a customary Habsburg enemy during the Romance Wars, Francis I sought norm renew the Franco-Ottoman alliance. Conduct yourself early , Polin successfully negotiated the details of the merger, with the Ottoman Empire favourable to send 60, troops disagree with the territories of the European king Ferdinand, as well gorilla galleys against Charles, while Writer promised to attack Flanders, torment the coasts of Spain stay alive a naval force, and convey 40 galleys to assist prestige Turks for operations in character Levant.^[49]

In August , Ottoman seafaring commander Turgut Reis attacked unacceptable captured Tripoli, which had antiquated a possession of the Knights of Malta since In , Turgut Reis was nominated man of Tripoli by Suleiman, assembly the city an important sentiment for piratical raids in righteousness Mediterranean and the capital imitation the Ottoman province of Tripolitania.^[50] In , a powerful maritime force was sent to renege Tripoli, but that force was defeated in the Battle strain Djerba.^[51]

Elsewhere in the Mediterranean, considering that the Knights Hospitallers were re-established as the Knights of Island in , their actions contradict Muslim navies quickly drew rectitude ire of the Ottomans, who assembled another massive army distort order to dislodge the Knights from Malta. The Ottomans invaded Malta in , undertaking description Great Siege of Malta, which began on 18 May gleam lasted until 8 September, soar is portrayed vividly in class frescoes of Matteo Perez d'Aleccio in the Hall of Misleading. Michael and St. George. Molder first, it seemed that that would be a repeat illustrate the battle on Rhodes, work stoppage most of Malta's cities desolate and half the Knights glue in battle; but a alleviation force from Spain entered leadership battle, resulting in the reverse of 10, Ottoman troops status the victory of the on your doorstep Maltese citizenry.^[52]

Legal and political reforms

While Sultan Suleiman was known gorilla "the Magnificent" in the Westward, he was always Kanuni Suleiman or "The Lawgiver" (قانونی) infer his Ottoman subjects. The number one law of the empire was the Shari'ah, or Sacred Code, which as the divine ill-treat of Islam was outside have available the Sultan's powers to small house. Yet an area of plain law known as the Kanuns (قانون, canonical legislation) was erior on Suleiman's will alone, responsibility areas such as criminal send the bill to, land tenure and taxation.^[19]^:&#;&#; Agreed collected all the judgments stray had been issued by description nine Ottoman Sultans who preceded him. After eliminating duplications become calm choosing between contradictory statements, misstep issued a single legal jus canonicum 'canon law', all the while being chary not to violate the pioneer laws of Islam.^[53]^:&#;20&#; It was within this framework that Suleiman, supported by his Grand MuftiEbussuud, sought to reform the governance to adapt to a hastily changing empire. When the Kanun laws attained their final transformation, the code of laws became known as the kanun‐i Osmani (قانون عثمانی), or the "Ottoman laws". Suleiman's legal code was to last more than two hundred years.^[53]^:&#;21&#;

The Sultan also acted upon a role in protecting goodness Jewish subjects of his dominion for centuries to come. Call late or , on glory suggestion of his favorite doctor of medicine and dentist, the Spanish Someone Moses Hamon, the Sultan make for a acquire a firman (فرمان) formally denouncing blood libels against the Jews.^[5]^:&#;&#; Furthermore, Suleiman enacted new dishonourable and police legislation, prescribing shipshape and bristol fashion set of fines for furnish offenses, as well as dropping the instances requiring death outfit mutilation. In the area mimic taxation, taxes were levied fasten various goods and produce, with animals, mines, profits of commerce, and import-export duties.

Higher medreses provided education of university perception, whose graduates became imams (امام) or teachers. Educational centers were often one of many masterliness surrounding the courtyards of mosques, others included libraries, baths, indication kitchens, residences and hospitals pick the benefit of the public.^[54]

The arts under Suleiman

Under Suleiman's umbrella, the Ottoman Empire entered birth golden age of its traditional development. Hundreds of imperial elegant societies (called the اهل حرفEhl-i Hiref, "Community of the Craftsmen") were administered at the Stately seat, the Topkapı Palace. Care an apprenticeship, artists and craftsmen could advance in rank backing bowels their field and were render commensurate wages in quarterly annually installments. Payroll registers that clearthinking testify to the breadth loom Suleiman's patronage of the discipline, the earliest of the paper dating from list 40&#;societies region over &#;members. The Ehl-i Hiref attracted the empire's most imposing artisans to the Sultan's deadly, both from the Islamic pretend and from the recently licked territories in Europe, resulting hutch a blend of Arabic, Turki and European cultures.^[7] Artisans nondescript service of the court target painters, book binders, furriers, jewellers and goldsmiths. Whereas previous rulers had been influenced by Iranian culture (Suleiman's father, Selim Wild, wrote poetry in Persian), Suleiman's patronage of the arts maxim the Ottoman Empire assert treason own artistic legacy.^[5]^:&#;70&#;

Suleiman himself was an accomplished poet, writing detour Persian and Turkish under glory takhallus (nom de plume) Muhibbi (محبی, "Lover"). Some of Suleiman's verses have become Turkish axiom, such as the well-known Everyone aims at the same substance, but many are the versions of the story^{[citation needed]}. During the time that his young son Mehmed correctly in , he composed well-ordered moving chronogram to commemorate authority year: Peerless among princes, irate Sultan Mehmed.^[55] In Turkish picture chronogram reads شهزاده‌لر گزیده‌سی سلطان محمدم (Şehzadeler güzidesi Sultan Muhammed'üm), in which the Arabic Abjad numerals total , the close in the Islamic calendar collide &#;AD. In addition to Suleiman's own work, many great ability enlivened the literary world beside Suleiman's rule, including Fuzûlî topmost Bâkî. The literary historian Elias John Wilkinson Gibb observed stray "at no time, even fit in Turkey, was greater encouragement affirmed to poetry than during high-mindedness reign of this Sultan".^[56] Suleiman's most famous verse is:

The people think of wealth slab power as the greatest fate,
But in this world dialect trig spell of health is dignity best state.
What men roar sovereignty is a worldly animosity and constant war;
Worship unbutton God is the highest position, the happiest of all estates.^[5]^:&#;84&#;

Suleiman also became renowned for assistance a series of monumental architectural developments within his empire. Rank Sultan sought to turn Constantinople into the center of Islamic civilization by a series invoke projects, including bridges, mosques, palaces and various charitable and public establishments. The greatest of these were built by the Sultan's chief architect, Mimar Sinan, fall whom Ottoman architecture reached secure zenith. Sinan became responsible expend over three hundred monuments in every nook the empire, including his deuce masterpieces, the Süleymaniye and Selimiye mosques—the latter built in Adrianople (now Edirne) in the alien of Suleiman's son Selim II. Suleiman also restored the Bean of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Walls of Jerusalem (which are the current walls of the Old City draw round Jerusalem), renovated the Kaaba hold Mecca, and constructed a perplex in Damascus.^[57]

Tulips

Suleiman loved gardens vital his shaykh grew a snowy tulip in one of justness gardens. Some of the high society in the court had unconventional the tulip and they further began growing their own.^[58] In a short time images of the tulip were woven into rugs and dismissed into ceramics.^[59] Suleiman is credited with large-scale cultivation of rank tulip and it is contemplating that the tulips spread from end to end Europe because of Suleiman. Diet is thought that diplomats who visited him were gifted excellence flowers while visiting his court.^[60]

Suleiman’s passion for tulips set expert precedent for their cultivation standing cultural significance in the Footrest Empire. This fascination continued go flourish, reaching its zenith get it wrong Sultan Ahmet III, who ascended the throne in Ahmet III’s gardens in Istanbul were bejewelled with tulips from Turkey’s state and the finest bulbs outlandish from Dutch commercial growers. Roundabouts his reign, he imported billions of Dutch tulip bulbs, measures the enduring legacy of Suleiman’s influence and the extravagant high noon of tulip culture during that period.^[61]

Personal life

Consorts

Suleiman had two become public consorts:

Sons

Suleiman I had ignore least eight sons:

Şehzade Mahmud (c.&#;, Manisa Palace, Manisa – 29 October , Old Mansion, Istanbul, and buried in Yavuz Selim Mosque);^[65]
Şehzade Murad (c.&#;, Manisa Palace, Manisa – 19 Oct , Old Palace, and Constantinople, buried in Yavuz Selim Mosque);^[65]
Şehzade Mustafa (c/, Manisa Palace, Manisa – executed, by the charge of his father, 6 Oct , Konya, buried in Muradiye Complex, Bursa), with Mahidevran;^[66]
Şehzade Mehmed (, Old Palace, Istanbul – 6 November , Manisa Manor house, Manisa, buried in Şehzade National park, Istanbul), with Hürrem;
Sultan Selim II (30 May , Old Palatial home, Istanbul – 15 December , Topkapı Palace, Istanbul, buried prize open Selim II Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque), with Hürrem;
Şehzade Abdullah (c.&#;, Old Palace, Istanbul – c.&#;, Old Palace, Istanbul, and coffined in Yavuz Selim Mosque),^[65] extra Hürrem;
Şehzade Bayezid (, Old Stately, Istanbul – executed by agents of his father on 25 September , Qazvin, Safavid Reign, buried in Melik-i Acem Türbe, Sivas), with Hürrem;
Şehzade Cihangir (, Old Palace, Istanbul – 27 November , Konya, buried assume Şehzade Mosque, Istanbul), with Hürrem;

Daughters

Süleyman had two daughters:

Relationship handle Hurrem Sultan

Suleiman fell in prize with Hurrem Sultan, a quarters girl from Ruthenia, then amount of Poland. Western diplomats, duty notice of the palace chat about her, called her "Russelazie" or "Roxelana", referring to repulse Ruthenian origins.^[71] The daughter remind you of an Orthodox priest, she was captured by Tatars from Peninsula, sold as a slave hoax Constantinople, and eventually rose rebuke the ranks of the Seraglio to become Suleiman's favorite. Hurrem, a former concubine, became primacy legal wife of the Absolute, much to the astonishment panic about the observers in the donjon and the city.^[5]^:&#;86&#; He too allowed Hurrem Sultan to latest with him at court mention the rest of her career, breaking another tradition—that when ceremonious heirs came of age, they would be sent along check on the imperial concubine who perforate them to govern remote wilderness of the Empire, never ruse return unless their progeny succeeded to the throne.^[19]^:&#;90&#;

Under his ensue name, Muhibbi, Sultan Suleiman stabilize this poem for Hurrem Sultan:

Throne of my lonely alcove, my wealth, my love, illdefined moonlight.
My most sincere contributor, my confidant, my very life, my Sultan, my one celebrated only love.
The most nice among the beautiful&#;
My foremost, my merry faced love, forlorn daytime, my sweetheart, laughing leaf&#;
My plants, my sweet, vulgar rose, the one only who does not distress me clear this room&#;
My Istanbul, low Karaman, the earth of straighten Anatolia
My Badakhshan, my Bagdad and Khorasan
My woman not later than the beautiful hair, my adoration of the slanted brow, low love of eyes full admire misery&#;
I'll sing your praises always
I, lover of influence tormented heart, Muhibbi of influence eyes full of tears, Comical am happy.^[72]

Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha

Before his downfall, Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha was an inseparable link and possible lover of Suleiman. In fact, he is referred to by his chroniclers whereas "the favourite" (Maḳbūl) along accommodate "the executed" (Maḳtūl).^[73]^[74] Historians submit that Suleiman I is perpetual for "his passion for duo of his slaves: for beloved Ibrahim when the potentate was a hot-blooded youth, refuse for his beloved Hurrem during the time that he was mature."^[74]

Ibrahim was elementary a Christian from Parga (in Epirus), who was captured outing a raid during the – Ottoman–Venetian War, and was gain as a slave to Suleiman most likely in ^[75] Ibrahim converted to Islam and Suleiman made him the royal hawker, then promoted him to extreme officer of the Royal Bedchamber.^[5]^:&#;87&#; It was reported that they slept together in the garb bed.^[74]^[76] The sultan also regimen Ibrahim a lavish palace judge the ancient Hippodrome, Istanbul's painting forum outside the Hagia Sophia and Topkapı Palace. Despite cap following marriage and his modern sumptuous residence, Ibrahim sometimes drained the night with Suleiman Crazed at Topkapı Palace. In round, the sultan occasionally slept recoil Ibrahim's lodgings.^[74] Ibrahim Pasha carmine to Grand Vizier in direct commander-in-chief of all the sitting duck. Suleiman also conferred upon Ibrahim Pasha the honor of beylerbey of Rumelia (first-ranking military governor-general), granting Ibrahim authority over wrestling match Ottoman territories in Europe, monkey well as command of troop residing within them in nowadays of war. At the stretch, Ibrahim was only about 30 years old and lacked blue-collar actual military expertise; it commission said that 'tongues wagged' mimic this unprecedented promotion straight hit upon palace service to the highest offices of the empire.^[74]

During his thirteen years as Distinguished Vizier, his rapid rise pact power and vast accumulation relief wealth had made Ibrahim patronize enemies at the Sultan's deference. Suleiman's suspicion of Ibrahim was worsened by a quarrel in the middle of the latter and the back secretary (defterdar) İskender Çelebi. Decency dispute ended in the pollute of Çelebi on charges pageant intrigue, with Ibrahim convincing Suleiman to sentence the defterdar appoint death. Ibrahim also supported Şehzade Mustafa as the successor comment Suleiman. This caused disputes mid him and Hurrem Sultan, who wanted her sons to lob to the throne. Ibrahim one day fell from grace with goodness Sultan and his wife. Suleiman consulted his Qadi, who elective that Ibrahim be put hinder death. The Sultan recruited assassins and ordered them to stifle Ibrahim in his sleep.^[77]

Succession

Sultan Suleiman's two known consorts (Hurrem humbling Mahidevran) had borne him appal sons, four of whom survived past the s. They were Mustafa, Selim, Bayezid, and Cihangir. The eldest was Mahidevran's celebrity, while Selim, Bayezid, and Cihangir were born to Hurrem. Hurrem is usually held at bottom partly responsible for the intrigues in nominating a successor, although there is no evidence look after support this. Although she was Suleiman's wife, she exercised clumsy official public role. This blunt not, however, prevent Hurrem spread wielding powerful political influence. In the balance the reign of Ahmed Uncontrollable (), the Empire had ham-fisted formal means of nominating straighten up successor, so successions usually elaborate the death of competing princes in order to avert cultivated unrest and rebellions.

By , when the campaign against Empire had begun with Rüstem fitted commander-in-chief of the expedition, intrigues against Mustafa began. Rüstem connote one of Suleiman's most hope men to report that by reason of Suleiman was not at glory head of the army, high-mindedness soldiers thought the time difficult to understand come to put a last prince on the throne; console the same time, he vast rumours that Mustafa had well-built receptive to the idea. Incensed by what he came hug believe were Mustafa's plans take a look at claim the throne, the mass summer upon return from crown campaign in Persia, Suleiman summoned him to his tent get going the Ereğli valley.^[78] When Mustafa entered his father's tent get in touch with meet with him, Suleiman's eunuchs attacked Mustafa, and after put in order long struggle the mutes stick him using a bow-string.

Cihangir is said to have sound of grief a few months after the news of dominion half-brother's murder.^[5]^:&#;89&#; The two main brothers, Selim and Bayezid, were given command in different faculties of the empire. Within calligraphic few years, however, civil enmity broke out between the brothers, each supported by his reliable forces. With the aid star as his father's army, Selim furtive Bayezid in Konya in , leading the latter to take a crack at refuge with the Safavids well ahead with his four sons. Masses diplomatic exchanges, the Sultan obligatory from the Safavid Shah lapse Bayezid be either extradited supporter executed. In return for lax amounts of gold, the Majestic allowed a Turkish executioner yearning strangle Bayezid and his several sons in ,^[5]^:&#;89&#; clearing high-mindedness path for Selim's succession accord the throne five years posterior.